Kampyr-Tepe (Alexandria of Oxia), vicinity of Termez

Kampyr-Tepe is an ancient settlement in southern Uzbekistan, located 30 kilometers from the city of Termez. At 2,400 years old, it is one of the oldest archaeological sites in Central Asia. Founded during the Hellenistic period, Kampyr-Tepe played a key role in fostering trade and cultural exchange across the region. Its fortifications, residential quarters, and religious structures showcase the influence of Greco-Bactrian architecture and bear witness to the high cultural standards of the era.

The city emerged as a port on the Amu Darya River, known in antiquity as the Oxus. Excavations have uncovered an extensive system of defensive walls, workshops for artisans, and storage facilities for goods - all confirming the site’s significance as a major commercial and administrative hub. Many scholars believe Kampyr-Tepe to be the legendary Alexandria on the Oxus, founded by Alexander the Great during his Central Asian campaigns.

History

The history of Kampyr-Tepe begins in the late IV century BC, when a small port outpost was established on a broad loess terrace. Alongside residential dwellings, the early settlement included ceramic workshops and a mint. The construction of a fortified citadel, complete with high walls and watchtowers, marked the start of the 1st century AD. The stronghold served as a vital trading post on the route linking Afrasiab, the capital of Sogdiana, with the southern territories of Bactria. This route crossed a strategically important point within the settlement, allowing it to control both regional and international trade flows.

The city flourished in the first third of the II century AD, under the rule of the Kushan king Kanishka I (103–125 AD). At its height, the fortress became a thriving center of commerce, religion, and craftsmanship. In the early medieval period, however, a new river crossing was established 700 meters east, at the fortified post of Shurobkurgan, near the mouth of the Karasu River. As trade and transport routes shifted, Kampyr-Tepe gradually lost its importance and was eventually abandoned.

The ruins were discovered in 1972 by archaeologist Edvard Rtveladze, who spent decades studying the site. His research led to the conclusion that Kampyr-Tepe was indeed founded by Alexander the Great during his campaigns in 329–327 BC.

Finds

Archaeological excavations at Kampyr-Tepe have yielded a wealth of artifacts that illuminate the city's economic, cultural, and religious life. Among the most significant discoveries are ceramics, coins, weapons, jewelry, and architectural fragments.

The coin hoards include both local Kushan drachmas and coins of Greco-Bactrian rulers, attesting to the settlement's integration into international trade networks. Excavated pottery includes locally made wares as well as imports from distant regions. Particularly valuable are birch bark manuscripts inscribed in the Kharosthi script and fragments of texts in the Bactrian language.

Notable religious artifacts include statuettes of deities, altars, and architectural ornaments featuring symbolic motifs. These items point to a rich tapestry of spiritual practices, with evidence suggesting that Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and other local beliefs coexisted at the site.

Infrastructure

A dedicated tourist area has been developed near the Kampyr-Tepe site. Paved roads now lead to the settlement, offering convenient access for visitors. Infrastructure includes ample parking space designed to accommodate tour buses.